Multi-conduit balloon catheter

ABSTRACT

A suctioning and irrigating sinus balloon catheter is provided for treating a patient&#39;s paranasal sinus system, including dilating prepared openings, and natural ostia and ducts and excising sinus cavities and choana. The catheter has a number of fluid carrying conduits to provide irrigation, suction and inflation/deflation to the distally mounted balloon. The catheters have sufficient stiffness and column strength that the balloon carrying distal segment of the catheter can be pushed into the prepared opening, natural ostium or duct, choana or sinus to be excised. Some catheters can be hand bendable by the surgeon. Some catheters provide the capability of threading an endoscope through one of the conduits. The methods use the balloon catheters to dilate prepared openings to selected parts of the sinus system, to dilate natural ostia and ducts of the sinus system, choana, and/or to dilate sinus cavities to remove them.

PRIOR APPLICATION

The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/568,509, entitled “Multi-Conduit Balloon Conduit,” filed Dec. 12, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,999,752, issued on Jun. 19, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/353,154 entitled “Multi-Conduit Balloon Conduit,” filed on Jan. 18, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,968,269, issued on Mar. 3, 2015, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/243,468 entitled “Multi-Conduit Balloon Catheter,” filed on Oct. 4, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,114,113, issued on Feb. 14, 2012, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/233,955, entitled “Irrigating and Suctioning Balloon Catheter,” filed Sep. 23, 2005, now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to balloon catheters and methods using such catheters for treating paranasal sinuses.

BACKGROUND

To fully understand the invention, it is necessary to consider the anatomy and physiology of the nasal and sinus system. FIGS. 4-17, which show various method steps described later, also show important features of sinus anatomy. The maxillary sinus 21 lies lateral to the nasal cavity 38, inferior to the eye orbit 23 and superior to the palate or roof of the mouth. The medial wall of the maxillary sinus forms the lateral nasal wall 44 inferiorly. The frontal sinus 35 (FIG. 16) lies above the orbit and its floor is formed by the frontal bone and is contiguous with part of the orbital roof. The right and left frontal sinuses are divided by the interfrontal septum. The frontal sinus drains into the nasal cavity and its outflow tract is in the inferomedial sinus, which connects to the frontonasal duct 36. Frontonasal duct 36 empties into the nasal cavity through lateral nasal wall 44 under the middle turbinate 20.

The ethmoid sinus is divided into anterior and posterior ethmoid air cells 29 and 31. The ethmoid sinus consists of multiple spaces or cells divided by thin bony septae. The ethmoid sinus is contained in the ethmoid bone. The lateral wall of the ethmoid sinus composes the medial wall of the orbit. The medial wall of the ethmoid sinus composes the lateral wall 44 of the nasal cavity superiorly. Anterior ethmoid air cells 29 drain through lateral nasal wall 44 into the middle meatus 22 beneath middle turbinate 20.

The sphenoid sinus 39 (FIG. 15) is posterior to the ethmoid sinus 29 and 31. Sphenoid sinus 39 has a lateral wall that is adjacent to the optic nerve, carotid artery, and cavernous sinus. The floor of sphenoid sinus 39 lies above maxillary sinus 21 and pterygopalatine fossa. Lateral nasal wall 44 is partially covered by inferior 46, middle 20, and superior 17 turbinates.

The choanae (FIG. 17) are the posterior openings of the nose. Each choana 299 is separated by the vomer bone. The lateral border of the choana is formed by the posterior end of the turbinates.

Sinus physiology will now be considered. The mucosa of nasal cavity 38 contains secretory elements (mucosal glands and goblet cells) and a dense ciliary layer. The paranasal sinuses are covered by a similar mucosa, although the secretory cells and cilia may be sparser in the more remote areas of the sinuses. The secretory cells produce a large volume of mucus that is normally actively transported by the cilia (mucociliary transport) in a specific pattern (not a gravity dependant pattern) from the sinus through the opening between the sinus and the nasal cavity (sinus ostium). Cellular debris and bacteria are transported in the mucus from the sinus cavity through the ostium into the nose.

Inflammation of the sinus and nasal mucosa causes hyperemia, lymphatic swelling, stasis in the blood and lymphatic pathways and leads to increased secretion of mucus and reduced mucociliary transport. The inflammation may be caused by allergies, noxious agents, nasal polyps, and other factors. Over time, there is a pathologic increase in inflammatory cells, ground substance, and fibers with a permanent disruption of mucociliary transport and lymphatic drainage. An obstruction of the narrow ducts and ostia between the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity develops, resulting in a vicious cycle of increased secretions, edema, and ultimately organized connective tissue and mucosal hyperplasia. Bacteria are not cleared from the sinuses and multiply in the fertile inflammatory environment worsening the chronic sinus inflammation (sinusitis).

Treatment with antibiotics, corticosteroids in nasal sprays or systemically, and antihistamines may result in resolution of sinusitis. However some patients become resistant to medical treatment and surgery becomes necessary.

Modern sinus surgery is usually performed endoscopically and is based on the principle of restoring patency of the sinus ducts and ostia by enlarging the opening and allowing mucociliay clearance of mucus from the sinus into the nose to resume. If mucociliary clearance is re-established, then the inflammatory changes in the sinus mucosa described above will resolve. In classic sinus surgery, an incision was made along the side of the nose in the medial canthus to access the ethmoid or sphenoid sinuses. This incision could be extended to beneath the medial half of the brow to also access the frontal sinus. An incision through the gums above the upper teeth and creation of a large bony opening in the maxilla with excision of large areas of sinus mucosa was used to perform maxillary sinus surgery. A large opening was created through the medial wall of the maxillary sinus into the nose in the inferior meatus (maxillary antrostomy) to allow postoperative drainage of the sinus.

The development of endoscopic sinus surgery allowed sinus surgery to be performed from an intranasal approach, thus eliminating the need for external incisions, the creation of very large bony openings, and reducing morbidity. However, endoscopic sinus surgery requires the excision of large areas of bone and nasal mucosa and has reported complications of blindness from damage to the optic nerve, double vision from damage to the orbit and medial rectus muscle, damage to the nasolacrimal duct resulting in tearing and dacryocstitis, leakage of cerebrospinal fluid and infection of the brain and meninges, loss of the sense of taste, infection of the skull base, hemorrhage from the carotid artery or other blood vessels, and pain and neuralgia of the face and scalp.

As shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,021,043 and 5,169,043, I have previously co-invented balloon catheters for use in the lacrimal system. As shown in my U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/259,630 and published under U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20040064083, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,169,163, issued on Jan. 20, 2007, I teach that a balloon catheter can be introduced transnasally to treat the lacrimal system.

As shown in my U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/259,300 and published under U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20040064150, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,317,816, issued on Nov. 20, 2012, incorporated herein by this reference, I teach that various balloon catheters can be used to treat paranasal sinuses in a number of ways. The catheters are used to dilate an existing ostium or duct, to create a new opening from a sinus to the nose, or to excise a sinus. However, blood, mucus or other material may obscure visualization when using a sinus balloon catheter. Also, other procedures such as excision of nasal or sinus tissue, polyps, mucoceles, or removal of pus, manipulation of the nasal or sinus structures would not be attempted using a balloon catheter because visualization and/or delivery of medication would be problematic.

Endoscopes have long been commercially available to provide the surgeon greater visualization of internal patient tissues. Endoscopes typically have a narrow, elongated body carrying fiber optic structures which allow viewing from a proximal eyepiece to a distal viewing lens and carry an illuminating; light from a proximal source to a distal emitter. Endoscopes can have bodies which are rigid such as the KARL STORZ SINUSCOPE brand endoscope, or flexible such as the MACHIDA ENT SCOPE brand endoscope commercially available from Karl Storz, of Culver City, Calif. and Jedmed Instrument Company, of St. Louis, Mo. respectively. Endoscopes are typically not intended to bend sharper than a minimum radius. Some endoscopes can attach to a camera which can be joined to the endoscope at its proximal end. Some endoscopes have a viewing lens at the distal end which aims at an angle from the major axis of the endoscope body. This angle can range from 0 to 70 degrees. Many commonly, used rigid endoscopes have an angle of about 25 or 30 degrees.

It has been found that the use of endoscopes simultaneously with irrigation and suction systems can be overly bulky in the small confines of some anatomical regions such as the nasal cavity or sinus. Further, using so many systems at once can leave the surgeon short handed.

Hand bending the balloon catheter body, though conveniently providing the surgeon with greater flexibility during surgery to adapt the catheter shape to the unique anatomy of the individual patient, can lead to additional problems. First, the catheter should remain sufficiently stiff to withstand the lateral or torsional forces required to push the deflated balloon section through the small opening in the tissue. Second, the surgeon may accidentally bend the catheter body beyond a maximum allowable angle, or at such a sharp radius that a flow constricting kink is created.

A review of the prior art shows a number of patents (Katz U.S. Pat. No. 6,027,478; Brennan U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,465; Akiyama U.S. Pat. No. 4,102,342; Payton U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,941; Katz U.S. Pat. No. 5,454,817; Stangerup U.S. Pat. No. 5,546,964 and Shippert U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,224) which teach the use of expandable devices (usually a balloon) into the nasal cavity or sinuses. Most of these are for the treatment of nose bleeds or the control of bleeding.

A number of articles disclose the use of a balloon catheter in sinuses to hold fractured bones in place, stop bleeding by tamponade, prevent fluid from flowing out of the nose into the pharynx, or to maintain a low intranasal air pressure. In one case, a catheter was used to stent a duct after surgery; and the balloon was inflated in the sinus to keep the stent in position.

However, apart from my prior application, there appear to be no teachings in the prior art to use a balloon catheter to create a new opening from a sinus into the nose, to dilate an ostium or duct, dilate the choana or excise a sinus. It appears a balloon has never been used to directly treat sinus disease.

SUMMARY

The present embodiments teach the use of sinus balloon catheters to treat sinus disease by creating a new opening from a sinus into the nose, to dilate a sinus ostium or duct, to dilate the choana or to excise a sinus. A balloon is mounted over the distal segment of the catheter to which runs a conduit permitting a pressurized fluid to inflate the balloon. The catheter is formed to have sufficient stiffness and column strength to be pushed through a surgically prepared small, tight opening from a sinus into the nose, through a sinus ostium or duct, or the choana or into a sinus cavity. The small opening may be created surgically or may be the natural ostium or duct of the sinus.

Some embodiments provide a catheter having integrated suction and/or irrigation systems that enable the surgeon to irrigate and/or suction away blood, mucus, pus, a mucocele and other material. The proximal end of the catheter has connectors to the various fluid supplies, suction sources, and wings or other prominences to allow the surgeon easier manipulation. The presence of suction and/or irrigation allows for the less obstructed use of an endoscope which greatly facilitates the surgeon visualizing the balloon catheter and the patient tissues in performance of the procedure.

Some embodiments provide a catheter having a conduit through which an endoscope can be inserted further reducing the bulkiness of the systems. Other embodiments provide an integrated endoscope in addition to the integrated suction and/or irrigation systems.

Balloon catheters having integrated suction, irrigation and endoscopic capability can be utilized to more efficiently and safely perform a number of procedures in the nasal cavity and sinus.

Other embodiments provide a set of catheters having different configurations and dimensions suitable for the treatment of different parts of the paranasal sinus system.

In other embodiments the balloon catheter has a proximal segment and a circular bend placing a distal segment at an angle of about 60 degrees to 130 degrees. The angled distal segment allows the surgeon to rotate or shift the position of the long proximal catheter shaft, thus positioning the distal segment to enter from the nasal cavity into the sinus at various angles appropriate to each individual patient. A catheter having an angle of approximately 90 degrees can be used to treat maxillary and frontal sinus disease.

Another embodiment provides a balloon catheter which is straight or has a minimal angle of about 0 to 60 degrees at the junction of the distal segment and the proximal segment. This catheter is useful for ethmoidectomy and sphenoid sinusotomy which uses a balloon with an inflated diameter of about 7 mm, or dilation of the choana and uses a balloon with an inflated diameter of about 9 mm.

Other embodiments provide balloon catheters having a sufficiently small deflated profile to fit through the sinus ostium, duct, or opening in the nasal wall or scar tissue into the sinus.

Other embodiments provide methods to open or enlarge an obstructed or narrowed ostium or duct of a sinus using a balloon and allow the sinus to drain into the nose. The methods also allow dilation and suction of a stenotic or atretic choana. The methods enable irrigation and suction as part of the sinus balloon catheters, and allow the use of an endoscope with the balloon catheter. The irrigation, suction, and endoscope provide better visualization by the surgeon in spite of bleeding or the presence of mucus or other debris. Such debris including pus or a mucocele can be suctioned from the sinus. Medication can also be introduced through the irrigation port. These procedures are accomplished without causing damage to the surrounding structures such as the optic nerve, extraocular muscles that move the eye, the orbit, brain, meninges, or nasolacrimal duct.

Other embodiments provide a method which removes a sinus and cures sinus disease without damage to the surrounding structures such as the optic nerve, extraocular muscles, orbit, brain, meninges, and nasolacrimal duct. These methods are useful for opening a sinus ostium or duct which has been narrowed or obstructed by scar tissue from previous surgery or trauma, for creating a new opening in the wall of a sinus which has scar tissue to allow proper drainage of the sinus into the nose, and for removing a sinus which has scar tissue.

Other embodiments provide methods including a balloon catheter antrostomy of the maxillary ostium, a balloon catheter middle meatal maxillary antrostomy, a balloon catheter inferior meatal antrostomy, a balloon catheter ethmoidectomy of the anterior ethmoid sinus, a balloon catheter ethmoidectomy of the posterior ethmoid sinus, a balloon catheter sinusotomy of the sphenoid sinus, a balloon catheter frontal sinusotomy, and balloon catheter dilation of the choana. These methods are improved by the greater visualization provided by an endoscope unobstructed by irrigatably suctionable debris.

In some embodiment there is provided a catheter for dilating a space in a patient, said catheter comprises: an oblong body having a proximal segment and a distal segment; a balloon member secured to said distal segment; a first conduit in fluid communication with said balloon, whereby fluid under a given pressure in said first conduit inflates said balloon; and, a second conduit having a distal port outside said balloon.

In some embodiments, said conduit is adapted to provide suction at said port. In some embodiments, said conduit is adapted to provide irrigation at said port. In some embodiments, said first and second conduits are formed into a multi-channel fluid buss extending between said proximal and distal segments. In some embodiments said first conduit terminates at a first conduit opening inside said balloon. In some embodiments said balloon has a substantially barbell shape when inflated. In some embodiments said second conduit has a distal terminus at said port and wherein said port is located a first distance from a distal neck of said balloon. In some embodiments said balloon annularly surrounds a portion of said second conduit. In some embodiments the catheter further comprises a third conduit having a distal port outside said balloon. In some embodiments said second conduit and said third conduit are coaxial. In some embodiments said second conduit and said third conduit are non-coaxial. In some embodiments the catheter has a stiffness which renders it hand bendable. In some embodiments the catheter has a stiffness which renders it non-hand bendable. In some embodiments said catheter has a bend. In some embodiments said balloon has a proximal neck extending over said bend. In some embodiments said body further comprises axial gradation markings. In some embodiments said second conduit has an inner diameter selected to allow passage of an endoscope therethrough. In some embodiments the catheter further comprises means for angularly securing said endoscope to said catheter. In some embodiments said means comprise at least one projection extending radially from a section of said endoscope. In some embodiments said catheter further comprises an angular orientation indicator. In some embodiments said second conduit is shaped to have an angular cutaway forming said port. In some embodiments said second conduit is formed of a stainless steel hypotube with a wall thickness of at least 0.010″. In some embodiments said distal segment is at an angle of between about 0 degrees and about 130 degrees to said proximal segment. In some embodiments said distal segment is at an angle of between about 0 degrees and about 90 degrees to said proximal segment. In some embodiments said distal segment is at an angle of about 0 degrees to said proximal segment, whereby said catheter body is straight.

In some embodiments, there is provided a kit for use in the treatment of a patient's nasal sinuses, said kit comprises: a first balloon catheter having an oblong body; and, a catheter bending tool having a given bend radius and a first surface shaped and dimensioned to intimately contact and bear against a portion of said body. In some embodiments said given bend radius is at least 0.5 centimeter. In some embodiments said kit further comprises an endoscope having a minimum bend radius which is greater than said given bend radius of said tool.

In some embodiments, it is provided that in a sinus balloon catheter device comprising proximal and distal sections, a balloon mounted to said distal section, and a first conduit for inflating said balloon, an improvement which comprises a second conduit having a distal port outside said balloon.

In some embodiments, there is provided a balloon catheter for dilating a space in a patient's nasal sinus system, which is one of a prepared opening, an ostium or duct, or a sinus cavity to be excised, or choana, comprising: a tubular catheter body having a proximal end, a proximal segment, a distal end, and a distal segment; a balloon member disposed about said distal segment, said distal segment having a slot; said catheter body being closed at a point distally of said slot; means for applying fluid under pressure to said proximal end of said catheter body, said fluid under pressure flowing through said slot to inflate said balloon for dilating said space; and said catheter body being formed of a hypotube of sufficient stiffness and column strength to enable said catheter, when said inflatable member is deflated, to be pushed into said space of said nasal sinus system.

In yet other embodiments there is provided a method of treating a patient's nasal sinuses, comprising: providing a balloon catheter having an oblong body having a proximal segment, a distal segment, and a first inflation/deflation supply conduit in fluid communication with a balloon mounted on said distal segment; pushing said distal segment with said balloon deflated into a space associated with a nasal sinus of said patient; and introducing fluid under pressure into said supply conduit to inflate said balloon and dilate said space.

In some embodiments said balloon catheter further comprises a second conduit. In some embodiments the method further comprises suctioning debris from said nasal sinus through said second conduit. In some embodiments the method further comprises irrigating said nasal sinus through said second conduit. In some embodiments the method further comprises irrigating said nasal sinus through said second conduit at a time when said suctioning is not occurring. En some embodiments the method further comprises bending said body to an angle of between about 0 degrees and 130 degrees prior to said pushing. In some embodiments the method further comprises inserting an endoscope through said second conduit. In some embodiments said balloon catheter further comprises a third conduit, and wherein said method further comprises: suctioning debris from said nasal sinus through said second conduit; and, irrigating said nasal sinus through said third conduit. In some embodiments said body is flexible, and said method further comprises threading said body onto a rigidizing member having sufficient stiffness and column strength to enable said catheter, when said balloon is deflated, to be pushed into said space of said nasal sinus system. In some embodiments said tubular catheter body has a bend placing said distal segment at an angle of between about 60 degrees and about 130 degrees to said proximal segment. In some embodiments said angle is about 90 degrees.

In some embodiments of the method said space is the maxillary ostium of the patient's maxillary sinus, said distal segment with said balloon deflated being pushed through said maxillary ostium into said maxillary sinus, said maxillary ostium being dilated when said inflatable member is inflated to complete antrostomy of said maxillary ostium. In some embodiments, prior to said step of pushing said distal segment through said maxillary ostium, said method further comprises: medially retracting the patient's middle turbinate to gain access to the patient's middle meatus; and, exposing the patient's ethmoid infundibulum by removing part of the patient's uncinate process.

In some embodiments, said space is a prepared opening formed through the patient's fontanelle, said opening is formed by bringing a 45 degree upbiting Blakesely punch into the patient's nasal cavity along the patient's lateral nasal wall just superior to the patient's inferior turbinate, pushing said punch through said fontanelle to create said opening through said fontanelle and wherein said distal segment with said balloon deflated is pushed into said prepared opening and said balloon is inflated to dilate said prepared opening.

In some embodiments, said space is a prepared opening formed through the patient's lateral nasal wall in the patient's inferior meatus. In some embodiments, prior to said step of pushing, said prepared opening is formed by displacing the patient's inferior turbinate medially, introducing a sharp dissector into the patient's nasal cavity, and using said dissector to perforate the patient's lateral nasal wall in said inferior meatus to form said opening and wherein said distal segment with said balloon deflated is pushed into said prepared opening and said balloon is inflated to dilate said prepared opening. In some embodiments, said distal segment is positioned at an angle of between about 0 degrees and about 60 degrees to said proximal segment. In some embodiments, said distal segment is at an angle of about 0 degrees to said proximal segment, whereby said catheter body is substantially straight.

In some embodiments, said space is formed in the patient's ethmoid bulla. In some embodiments, the method further comprises: medially retracting the patient's middle turbinate to gain access to the patient's middle meatus; exposing the patient's ethmoid infundibulum by removing part of the patient's uncinate process; and, using a fine cutting forceps to remove the anterior wall of said ethmoid bulla. In some embodiments, after said inflatable member is deflated and withdrawn from said ethmoid bulla, providing said opening in said ethmoid bulla to receive said distal segment, which when inflated, dilates and thereby removes said ethmoid bulla. In some embodiments, said inflated balloon is then deflated and said distal segment is then withdrawn from the space formerly occupied by said ethmoid bulla, said distal segment with said balloon deflated is then pushed into the patient's anterior ethmoid air cells, forming the patient's ethmoid sinus, lying posterior to said space formerly occupied by said ethmoid bulla, said balloon is then inflated dilating said anterior ethmoid air cells and thereby removing said anterior ethmoid air cells, and said balloon is then deflated, and said distal segment is then removed from the space formerly occupied by said anterior ethmoid air cells, completing an ethmoidectomy of the anterior ethmoid sinus. In some embodiments, the patient's basal lamella of the patient's middle turbinate is perforated with a punch to form an opening, said distal segment is then pushed through said opening into said posterior ethmoid air cells and said balloon is inflated to dilate and remove said posterior ethmoid cells completing an ethmoidectomy of said posterior ethmoid sinus. In some embodiments, after said anterior and posterior ethmoidectomies are completed, inserting said distal segment through the patient's anterior wall of the patient's sphenoid sinus, the balloon is then inflated for dilation and opening of said sphenoid sinus, the deflating said balloon and removing said distal segment to complete sinusotomy of said sphenoid sinus.

In some embodiments, said space is an opening through the patient's anterior wall of the patient's sphenoid sinus; and wherein said method further comprises deflating said balloon and removing said distal segment to complete sinusotomy of said sphenoid sinus.

In some embodiments, said space is the patient's nasofrontal duct to the patient's frontal sinus; and wherein said method further comprises deflating said balloon and removing said distal segment to complete sinusotomy of said frontal sinus.

In some embodiments, after said ethmoidectomy of said anterior ethmoid sinus is completed and the patient's nasofrontal duct is exposed, providing a second balloon catheter having a tubular catheter body with a proximal segment, a distal segment, a balloon member mounted around said distal segment, a slot through the wall of said distal segment, said tubular body being closed at a point distally of said slot, and means providing fluid under pressure at the proximal end of said tubular catheter body to inflate said balloon, said tubular catheter body having a bend placing said distal segment at an angle of between about 60 degrees and about 130 degrees to said proximal segment, pushing said distal segment of said second balloon catheter with said balloon of said second balloon catheter deflated into said frontonasal duct, inflating second balloon catheter to dilate said frontonasal duct and frontal sinus, deflating said balloon of said second balloon catheter, and removing said distal segment of said second balloon catheter to complete a frontal sinusotomy.

In some embodiments, said space is a choana, said distal segment with said balloon deflated being pushed into the choana, said choana being dilated when said inflatable member is inflated.

In some embodiments, there is provided an apparatus for treating prepared openings and natural ostia or ducts providing flow paths from natural sinus cavities, and excising sinus cavities, comprising: a set of balloon catheters including catheters which are angled and catheters which are substantially straight, said catheters having appropriate inflated working diameters, and which have appropriate outer diameters with the balloon deflated that will enable the catheter in question to be pushed into the respective prepared opening, natural ostiurn or duct or sinus cavity to be excised.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1A is a diagrammatic perspective view of a suctioning and irrigating balloon catheter.

FIG. 1B is a closeup diagrammatic cross-section view of the tip of the distal segment of the suctioning and irrigating balloon catheter of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 1C is a closeup diagrammatic cross-section view of the proximal end segment of the suctioning and irrigating balloon catheter of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2A is a closeup partial side elevational view and partial cross-sectional side view of the proximal and distal end segments of the suctioning and irrigating balloon catheter according to an alternate embodiment.

FIG. 2B is a closeup diagrammatic partial perspective view of the proximal end of a suctioning and irrigating balloon catheter according to another alternate embodiment.

FIG. 2C is a closeup diagrammatic cross-sectional side view of the proximal end of a multi-conduit balloon catheter according to another alternate embodiment providing either suctioning or irrigating at one time.

FIG. 2D is a closeup diagrammatic cross-sectional side view of the proximal and distal ends of a multi-conduit balloon catheter having an internal inflation/deflation conduit according to another alternate embodiment.

FIG. 2E is a diagrammatic cross-sectional end view of the a multi-conduit balloon catheter body having a flattened internal inflation/deflation conduit according to another alternate embodiment.

FIG. 3A is a diagrammatic elevational view of a suctioning and irrigating catheter having a distal bend.

FIG. 3B is a diagrammatic partial side elevational view of the suctioning and irrigating balloon catheter being bent with a given radius.

FIG. 3C is a diagrammatic perspective view of a tool for bending a catheter according to a given radius.

FIG. 3D is a closeup diagrammatic cross-section view of the distal end segment of the suctioning and irrigating balloon catheter according to another alternate embodiment having a pinched center balloon.

FIG. 3E is a diagrammatic perspective view of a flexible body multi-conduit balloon catheter according to another alternate embodiment.

FIG. 3F-FIG. 3I are diagrammatic side elevational view of differently angled rigidizing members for providing rigidity to the catheter of FIG. 3E.

FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of a step of a method, showing the uncinate process being removed with a punch to expose the ethmoid infundibulum and semilunar hiatus.

FIG. 5 is a schematic drawing of another step of the method of FIG. 4 showing the sinus balloon catheter dilating and thereby enlarging the ostium of the maxillary sinus and performing suction and irrigation functions.

FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing of a step of a second method showing the Blakesely punch creating a small opening in the fontanelle of the lateral nasal wall in the middle meatus thus creating a communication between the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity.

FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing of another step of the method of FIG. 6 showing the sinus balloon catheter dilating the opening in the fontanelle of the lateral nasal wall in the middle meatus thus creating a large communication opening (antrostomy) for drainage from the maxillary sinus into the nasal cavity and performing suction and irrigation functions.

FIG. 8 is a schematic drawing of a step of a third method showing the dissector perforating the lateral nasal wall in the inferior meatus into the maxillary sinus.

FIG. 9 is a schematic drawing of another step of the method of FIG. 8 showing the sinus balloon catheter dilating the opening in the lateral nasal wall in the inferior meatus thus creating a large antrostomy for drainage from the maxillary sinus into the nasal cavity and performing suction and irrigation functions.

FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a fourth method showing the cutting forceps making a new opening in the anterior wall of the ethmoid bulla.

FIG. 11 is a schematic view of another step of the method of FIG. 10 showing the straight sinus balloon catheter dilating the ethmoid bulla and performing suction and irrigation functions.

FIG. 12 is a schematic view of yet another step of the method of FIG. 10 showing the straight sinus balloon catheter dilating the ethmoid air cells and thus completing the anterior ethmoidectomy and performing suction and irrigation functions.

FIG. 13 is a schematic view of yet another step of the method of FIG. 10 showing a punch perforating the basal lamella of the middle turbinate.

FIG. 14 is a schematic view of still another step of the method of FIG. 10 showing the straight sinus balloon catheter dilating the posterior ethmoid air cells and thus completing the posterior ethmoidectomy and performing suction and irrigation functions.

FIG. 15 is a schematic view of an additional step of the method of FIG. 10 showing the sinus balloon catheter dilating the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus and performing suction and irrigation functions.

FIG. 16 is a schematic view of a further step of the method of FIG. 10 showing the angled sinus balloon catheter dilating the frontonasal duct and performing suction and irrigation functions.

FIG. 17 is a schematic drawing of a step of a method showing the suctioning and irrigating balloon catheter dilating the choana and performing suction and irrigation functions.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to the drawing there is shown in FIGS. 1A-1C, a first embodiment of a suctioning and irrigating sinus balloon catheter 301 having a generally oblong body 302 having a proximal segment 303, a proximal end 304, a distal segment 305 and a distal end 306. An inflatable balloon 307 is located on the distal segment of the body near the distal end.

The catheter body 302 has a given axial length as measured from proximal end to distal end or tip which is selected according the anatomy of the patient. For most human patients the length is preferably between about 1 inch and about 20 inches, and most typically between about 5.5 inches and about 6.5 inches. A number of specific length catheters can be made available as part of a kit so that the surgeon has a choice for a given situation. For example, a kit can contain six differently sized catheters ranging from 5 inches to 10 inches at 1 inch increments.

The balloon 307 is preferably formed from a highly resilient durable biocompatible material such as polyethylene terephthalate. It has a generally ellipsoidal shape when inflated and a generally cylindrical shape closely corresponding with the outer surface 308 of the distal segment 305 of the body 302 when deflated. The inflated diameter is selectable by the surgeon to be between the deflated diameter and a working inflated diameter of between about 2 mm to about 15 mm, typically about 7 mm, for use in the sinus system, except for use in the nasofrontal duct where the inflated working diameter is typically about 5 mm. The balloon has an axial length selected according the anatomy of the patient and the procedure being performed. For most uses a range of between about 2 mm and about 40 mm is preferred. Most typically the length can be about 14 mm.

A number of specific length balloons can be made available as part of a kit so that the surgeon has a choice for a given situation. For example, a kit can contain six differently sized balloons ranging from 3 mm to 15.5 mm at 2.5 mm increments. Alternately, a kit may contain balloons having different diameters from about 3 to 13 mm at 2.5 mm increments.

FIG. 1B shows that the balloon 307 has a distal neck 310, a distal tapered region 311, a center region 312, a proximal tapered region 313, and a proximal neck 314 and defines an internal chamber or inside 316 of the balloon. A layer of adhesive 315, such as cyanoacrylate, is used to bond the necks to the outer surface 308 of the body of the catheter.

The body comprises a plurality of conduits 320, 321, 322 to carry fluids to and from more distally located portions of the catheter. A plurality of conduits running through or bundled to form the body can be said to provide a multi-channel fluid buss through the catheter.

In most embodiments, the catheter should have sufficient stiffness and column strength with marked resistance to lateral bending that its distal segment carrying the deflated balloon can be used in the surgical methods described below, such as being pushed through a prepared small, tight opening from a sinus into the nose, pushed through a sinus ostium or duct, or pushed into a sinus cavity which may require considerable pressure in some cases. This required stiffness can be supplied by one or more of the conduits being formed from a rigid durable material such as stainless steel.

In the present embodiment the body has a pair of coaxial tubes 325,326, each having an opening or port 330,331 at the distal end 306 which is outside of the balloon and is located an axial distance D₁, D₂ from the distal neck 310 of the balloon 307. That distance is preferably between about 0 mm and about 5 mm, and is typically about 1 mm. The first external tube 325, is made from a rigid or semi-rigid durable material such as stainless steel, titanium and preferably supplies an irrigating fluid. The external irrigation tube preferably has an outer diameter which measures between about 0.05 inch and about 0.7 inch, and most typically about 0.095 inch. The inner diameter is preferably between about 0.020 inch and about 0.6 inch, and most typically about 0.071 inch.

The second, internal tube 326 runs through the central lumen of the external tube 325, thereby forming an annular conduit 322 between the tubes. The internal tube has its own central lumen which defines a second conduit 321 of the catheter which preferably provides suction. The internal tube can be made from thinner stainless steel or a more flexible material such as silicone or polyethylene. Care should be taken to select a material which has sufficient rigidity to prevent its collapse under the vacuum forces acting on the suctioned fluid. The internal suction conduit terminates at a nozzle 331 at the distal end 306 of the catheter. The irrigation conduit similarly terminates at the distal end forming an annular nozzle 330. The suction tube 326 has an outer diameter smaller than the inner diameter of the irrigation tube 325. The suction tube preferably has an outer diameter which measures between about 0.019 inch and about 0.59 inch, and most typically about 0.065 inch. The inner diameter is preferably between about 0.010 inch and about 0.58 inch, and most typically about 0.056 inch.

Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1C, the proximal end 334 of the suction tube 326 extends a distance from the proximal end 335 of the irrigation tube 325 and terminates at a connector 336 allowing unobstructed connection to the suction source. The distance is preferably between about 0.5 centimeter (“cm”) and about 5 cm, and most typically about 1 cm.

A third tube 340 is provided as a balloon inflation/deflation supply conduit, and extends substantially along the length of the body 302 and tangentially contacts the outer surface 337 of the first tube 325. It is made from thin stainless steel, flexible silicone, polyethylene or other durable, biocompatible material and has a central lumen defining a third conduit 320 of the catheter which terminates at an opening 339 inside the balloon. The third tube is preferably bonded to the first external tube by welding or an adhesive. This balloon supply conduit supplies fluid for filling and evacuating the balloon and is therefore in fluid communication with the inside 316 of the balloon. The inner diameter is preferably between about 0.005 inch and about 0.13 inch, and most typically about 0.020 inch. The outer diameter is preferably between about 0.015 inch and about 0.15 inch, and most typically about 0.028 inch. The proximal end 341 of the inflation/deflation supply tube 340 extends at an angle from the external irrigation tube and terminates at a connector allowing unobstructed connection to the balloon inflation/deflation fluid supply source. Alternately, the supply tube can remain straight and terminate at its proximal end luer lock connector a distance from the proximal end of the irrigation tube. The distance is preferably between about 1 millimeter (“mm”) and about 10 cm, and most typically about 2 cm. The third inflation/deflation supply tube also extends at an angle away from the outer surface of the external tube which allows unobstructed connection to the balloon inflation/deflation supply.

Optionally, as shown in FIG. 1A, the catheter body may have axial gradations or other markings 309 which allow it to act as an axial measuring device to help ascertain or verify patient anatomy and location of the balloon.

Referring now to FIG. 1C, the proximal end 304 of the catheter 301 is formed to have connectors for each of the conduits. A first connector 336 on the suction conduit 321 can have wings 343 or other enlargement or expansion which are graspable by the surgeon to manipulate the catheter. The inner diameter of the connector 336 matches the external diameter of the suction hypotube 326 forming the suction conduit 321.

To supply the irrigation conduit 322, a small tube 344 extends at an angle through the sidewall of the irrigation conduit tube 325 and terminates in a connector 345 which connects to the irrigation sources. The length is preferably between about 1 millimeter (“mm”) and about 50 mm, and most typically about 12 mm. The angle is preferably between about 1 degree and about 175 degree, and most typically about 45 degree. The inner diameter of the supply tube is preferably between about 0.010 inch and about 0.4 inch, and most typically about 0.070 inch. The outer diameter is preferably between about 0.020 inch and about 0.5 inch, and most typically about 0.083 inch.

A stopper 347 made from a resilient fluid impermeable material such as rubber seals the proximal end 335 of the external tube 325. The stopper has a central channel which allows passage of the suction tube 326 therethrough. The stopper may be sealed permanently using glue or other adhesive means or can be pressure fitted.

Because it is generally more important for the surgeon to more precisely control the location of the suction nozzle, the internal tube is used for suction. However, it is possible for the function of the first two conduits to be swapped.

Referring now to FIG. 2A, there is shown an alternate embodiment of the suctioning and irrigating balloon catheter 350 having a first conduit 351 for carrying irrigation fluid, a second conduit 352 running along side the first conduit which provides suction and a third conduit 353 running along side the first conduit which inflates/deflates the balloon.

The irrigation conduit is fitted with hand manipulable wings 354 at it proximal end 355. The suction conduit is preferrably made from a durable rigid or semirigid material such as stainless steel or polyethylene. The inner diameter is preferably between about 0.012 inch and about 0.35 inch, and most typically about 0.05 inch. The outer diameter is preferably between about 0.025 inch and about 0.5 inch, and most typically about 0.065 inch.

The irrigation conduit can be utilized to carry an oblong endoscope 360 therethrough. The endoscope enables the surgeon to visualize the sinus cavity and associated structures.

Since many endoscopes have an angled view head 361 which can typically be at an angle of 30 degrees off the major axis of the endoscope, this embodiment provides a nozzle 362 at the distal end opening of the first irrigating conduit which has a cutaway 363 so as to not obscure the view from the distal tip of the endoscope. Further, in order to maintain the proper angular orientation of the endoscope head 366 with respect to the cutaway, an angularly keyed engagement 367 is provided at the proximal end of the catheter. In this way an endoscope having a correspondingly keyed haft in the form of a radial projection 368 will engage the engagement on a unique and appropriate angular orientation, thereby angularly securing the endoscope to the catheter. The radial projection also acts as an indicator of the angular orientation of the endoscope and catheter.

FIG. 2B shows that the above embodiment can be adapted to provide an integrated endoscope 370 which is carried inside the first conduit 371. An external hypotube is selected to have an inner diameter which allows passage of an endoscope and provide enough space to form an annular conduit for carrying irrigation fluid. The inner diameter is preferably between about 0.02 inch and about 0.5 inch, and most typically about 0.1 inch. The outer diameter is preferably between about 0.03 inch and about 0.6 inch, and most typically about 0.134 inch.

A supply port 375 is provided to supply irrigating fluid which flows through the annular channel formed between the cylindrical outer surface of the endoscope 370 and the cylindrical inner surface of the first conduit 371. A stopper 376 prevents fluid from exiting the proximal end of the first conduit. A suction conduit 377 and balloon supply conduit 378 are formed onto the catheter body along side of the first conduit. Alternately, an additional suction port 380 is provided on the catheter body proximal to the balloon 381. The additional port is formed by a hole through the side wall of the suction conduit 377. In addition, irrigation proximal to the emplaced balloon can be provided by additional irrigation nozzles formed by one or more holes 385 through the outer hypotube wall of the irrigation conduit 371. Care should be taken to size the holes so that adequate suction and irrigation is provided at the distal terminus of the suction and irrigation conduits. Removable plugs 386 can be provided to seal off the additional holes when their use is not desired.

As shown in FIG. 2C a multi-conduit balloon catheter 387 is provided having a first conduit 388 and a side-mounted inflation/deflation conduit 389. The first conduit can be used either for suctioning or irrigating, and can even be switched between suctioning and irrigating in-situ. Further, an endoscope can be inserted through the conduit.

As shown in FIG. 2D, a multi-conduit balloon catheter 390 can have a first conduit 391 and a second, balloon inflation/deflation conduit 392 mounted internally within the first conduit. One way to allow the internal inflation/deflation conduit to be in fluid communication with the inside 393 of the balloon 394 is to provide a slot 395 extending through the side walk of the first an second conduit on a portion 396 of the catheter covered by the balloon. It should be noted that an engagement tube 397 is used for fluid communication with the inside of the first conduit. The first conduit can either be used for suction or irrigation and can be switched between the two in-situ.

As shown in FIG. 2E, the internal balloon inflation/deflation conduit 398 can be made to have a cross-section which is not circular, but rather is flattened in a generally rounded sickle shape in order to accommodate an endoscope 399 having a larger diameter D than would be available if the inflation/deflation conduit had a circular cross-section. In this way, the first conduit 399 b can be kept small while still accommodating a larger diameter endoscope.

As shown in FIG. 3A the catheter can be formed to have a bend 400 to allow more convenient and proper placement of the balloon during surgical procedures. The angle A formed by the bend is selected according the anatomy of the patient and the procedure being performed. Typically, the angle will be between 0 degrees (completely straight) and 130 degrees. There is a bend having a given radius which is preferably between about 0.05 inch and about 3 inches, and typically about 0.13 inch, and can be formed such that distal segment 137 is oriented 60 degrees to 130 degrees, preferably 90 degrees, to proximal segment 139. The axial distance D_(B) from the distal tip 184 of distal segment 137 to the outer wall of proximal segment 139 of outer tube of the catheter 136 is 4 mm to 30 mm, preferably 14 mm. The proximal neck 178 may be bonded on distal segment 137 of tube 136 or extend over bend 138 onto the distal end portion of proximal segment 139 of tube 136. Extension of the proximal neck 178 onto bend 138 and proximal segment 139 allows a greater length of the working diameter, i.e., center region 174, to be on distal segment 137 of tube 136.

The length of the distal segment is short enough to allow it to be rotated within the nasal cavity and thus enter from the nasal cavity into the sinus at the desired angle. The distal segment is long enough to allow a balloon of sufficient length and diameter to be attached for dilation of an opening through the lateral nasal and sinus wall, duct, ostium or choana. The balloon material is attached with adhesive to the very distal portion of the distal segment and to the proximal portion of the distal segment, the bend, and the very distal portion of the proximal segment. A longer working segment of balloon can be used because the area of adhesion of the balloon includes the bend and the distal portion of the proximal segment. A 7 mm inflated diameter angled balloon is used to treat the maxillary sinus and a 5 mm inflated diameter angled balloon is to treat the frontal sinus. The balloon diameter can vary from about 2 to 20 mm in diameter.

The catheter is formed to have sufficient stiffness and column strength to be pushed through a surgically prepared small, tight opening from the sinus into the nose, through a sinus or osteum or duct, or into a sinus cavity, or into the choana. Therefore, at least one of the tubes, and preferably the largest outer tube is formed from a hypotube of stainless steel or other rigid or semi-rigid, durable, biocompatible material. However, it can also be advantageous to form the catheter such that it has a stiffness which allows it to be hand bent by the surgeon prior to or even during surgery. This stiffness tradeoff can lead to a catheter which is difficult to bend properly so as not to create kinks in one or more of the conduits, and which is essentially hand unbendable. A type of steel having a higher malleability can be used which can allow sharper bending without kinking. In addition, most commercially available flexible endoscopes are not intended to be bent further than a minimum radius. In other words, bends in the flexible body of the endoscope should not be sharper than a minimum radius. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 3B, the surgeon should take care not to bend the bendable catheter to have a curve sharper than a given radius R.

As shown in FIG. 3C, as part of the kit, the surgeon is provided with a manual bending tool 500 similar to a pipe bending tool used by plumbers. The tool has a rigid, arcuate contact plate 501 in a generally half-pipe shape having a lateral diameter D which is commensurate with the outer surface diameter of the catheter body. This provides the tool with a first surface which can intimately contact and bear against a portion of the catheter body proximate to the axial location of the intended bend. The plate is also curved longitudinally to have a given radius R. A releasably adjustable strap 502 is provided for temporarily fastening a portion of the catheter body to the tool. The strap has a number of button holes 503 for engaging a button 504 on the tool to accommodate a range of catheter body outer diameters. A handle 505 provides for manual control of the tool by the surgeon. In this way the surgeon can precisely shape the catheter, even during surgery if necessary, to have one or more bends of a given bend radius R. If a flexible endoscope is to be treaded through the catheter, the given bend radius should be greater than or equal to the minimum bend radius of the endoscope. For many applications the preferred bend radius is at least 0.5 centimeter. Further, tools having different radiuses can be supplied in the kit. Further the surgeon can form bends outside the plane of prior bends, thereby making a custom three dimensional rigid catheter for a given patient and procedure.

Referring now to FIG. 3D, there is shown an alternate embodiment of the suctioning and irrigating catheter 430 having a balloon 431 which, when inflated, has a diameter in a medial section D_(M) which is smaller than the diameter on adjacent proximal D_(P) and distal sections D_(D). This allows the tissue/balloon interface to have greater axial stability during inflation. The substantially barbell shaped balloon can be formed a number of ways. The preferred approach provides an axially medial section of the balloon having a relatively greater thickness T_(M) than the thickness of adjacent proximal T_(P) and distal T_(D) sections. The thickness of the proximal and distal sections is preferably between about 0.0001 inch and about 0.1 inch, and most typically about 0.002 inch. The thickness of the medial section is preferably between about 0.0001 inch and about 0.1 inch, and most typically about 0.004 inch.

Referring now to FIGS. 3E and 3F, there is shown an alternate embodiment of the suctioning and irrigating catheter 530 having a balloon 531 mounted upon the distal end segment 532 of a body 533 made from a durable, biocompatible, flexible material such as polyethylene or high malleability steel. The catheter has a first, inflation/deflation supply tube 534 for operating the balloon, and a second, suctioning tube 535 terminating at a distal suctioning port 536 located distally from the balloon. The flexible body catheter also has a third tube 537 shaped and dimension to be fitted as a sheath over an oblong, rigid, rod-like, rigidizing member 538 having a blunted distal end 539. The sheath has an open proximal end 540 and a constricted, small diameter opening or nozzle 541 at a distal end 543 and a central lumen having an inner diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter 542 of the rigidizing member. Once the body is fitted over the rigidizing member, the catheter has sufficient stiffness and column strength to allow it to be pushed into the intended space in the patient. Once emplaced and the rigidizing member can be withdrawn leaving the flexible body to more comfortably conform to the patients internal anatomy.

It should be noted that the nozzle 541 is sized to prevent passage of the rigidizing member therethrough but does allow the sheath to also act as a fluid conduit for irrigation and/or suctioning purposes once the rigidizing member is removed. Alternately, the distal end 543 of the sheath can be completely sealed off. Alternately, the rigidizing member can be hollow such as in the form of a hypotube, or otherwise shaped to allow for passage of fluid through the open distal ended sheath while the rigidizing member is inserted.

Referring now to FIGS. 3G-3I, there are shown differently shaped rigidizing members. In FIG. 30 the rigidizing member 550 is shaped to have a bend 551 which orients a distal portion 552 at an angle A_(R) to a proximal portion 553 of the member proximal to the bend. The member in FIG. 3F shows an angle A_(R) of about 0 degrees. The member in FIG. 3G shows an angle A_(R) of about 60 degrees. The member in FIG. 3H shows an angle A_(R) of about 90 degrees. The member in FIG. 3I shows an angle A_(R) of about 130 degrees.

As will be described below, an angled suctioning and irrigating catheter 130 and a “straight” suctioning and irrigating catheter 230 can be used in different method steps for treating various prepared openings, naturally occurring ostia and ducts, choana, and sinus cavities. Depending on the size of the anatomical structures and the procedure being performed, the surgeon may also decide whether to utilize a suctioning and irrigating balloon catheter having an integrated endoscope. It is also to be noted that dimensions of the catheters are selected to accommodate different conditions in the paranasal sinus system. For example, the outer diameters of the distal segments with the balloon deflated are selected so that the respective distal segments with the balloon deflated will fit snugly with the prepared openings, natural ostia or ducts, choana and sinus cavities into which these distal segments are to be pushed. As already mentioned, the working inflated diameters of the balloons differ depending on the size required to treat different parts of the paranasal sinus system. Accordingly, the surgeon can, at the time surgery is begun, have available a set of sinus balloon catheters which are angled or straight, the balloons of which have appropriate inflated working diameters, and which have appropriate outer diameters with the balloon deflated that will enable the catheter in question to be pushed into the respective prepared opening, natural ostium or duct or sinus cavity to be excised.

It is also useful to apply a lubricious coating to the balloon material to facilitate pushing it through the lateral nasal wall and sinus wall into the sinus.

Turning to FIGS. 4 and 5, in a method of performing balloon catheter antrostomy of the maxillary ostium, the middle turbinate 20 is retracted medially to gain access to the middle meatus 22. In some cases the middle turbinate is resected. The ethmoid infundibulum 24 is exposed by using cutting forceps 67 to remove part of the uncinate process 26 (FIG. 4). Distal segment 137 of balloon catheter 130 is then pushed through the maxillary ostium 41 (which is in ethmoid infundibulum 24) into the maxillary sinus 21. In some cases however, the maxillary ostium can be entered by the balloon catheter without removal of the uncinate process. As seen in FIG. 5, balloon 134 is inflated to between about 1 and 17 bars, and most typically about 9 bars (atmospheres) for between about 1 second and 20 minutes, and most typically about 20 seconds then deflated. Distal segment 137 of balloon catheter 130 is slightly repositioned to insure full dilation and inflated again to 9 bars for 20 seconds. Balloon 134 is then deflated, and catheter 130 is removed from the now enlarged ostium 41. The irrigation and suction functions of the catheter are used to irrigate off and suction away blood, pus and other debris from the surrounding tissues, while the endoscope function provides good visualization for the surgeon. In this way the surgeon does not need to hold a separate suction catheter and an irrigating cannula in addition to the endoscope.

Turning to FIGS. 6 and 7, in a method of performing a middle meatal maxillary antrostomy, an initial opening is made in the fontanelle 40 (section of thin membranous tissue without bone of the medial maxillary sinus wall 42 which is also a portion of the lateral nasal wall 44). This is performed by bringing a 45 degree upbiting Blakesely punch 60 into nasal cavity 38 along the lateral nasal wall 44 just superior to the inferior turbinate 46 at the midpoint of its horizontal axis to perforate fontanelle 40 to create a new 3 mm opening 50 (FIG. 6). The punch 60 is removed, and sinus balloon catheter 130 is brought into nasal cavity 38 and pushed into the new opening 50 in fontanelle 40 of lateral nasal wall 44 (FIG. 7). Balloon 134 is inflated to 9 bars for 20 seconds then deflated. Balloon catheter 130 is slightly repositioned in the enlarged opening 50 to insure thorough dilation and inflated again to 9 bars for 20 seconds. Balloon catheter 130 is then deflated and withdrawn from opening 50 and nasal cavity 38. The irrigation and suction functions of the catheter are used to irrigate off and suction away blood, pus and other debris from the surrounding tissues, while the endoscope function provides good visualization for the surgeon.

As seen in FIGS. 8 and 9, in a method of inferior meatal antrostomy, the inferior turbinate 46 has been displaced medially. A sharp dissector 64 is introduced into nasal cavity 38 and used to perforate lateral nasal wall 44 in the inferior meatus 52 to create an opening 56 in lateral nasal wall 44 (FIG. 8). Dissector 64 is withdrawn from nasal cavity 38. The deflated balloon catheter 130 is introduced into the nasal cavity 38, and distal segment 137 of balloon catheter 130 is pushed through opening 56 in lateral nasal wall 44. The balloon 134 is inflated to 9 bars for 20 seconds then deflated. Deflated balloon 134 is slightly repositioned to assure total dilation of the opening 56, A second dilation of the balloon 134 to a pressure of 9 bars for 20 seconds is performed. The balloon catheter 130 is then deflated and withdrawn from opening 56 and nasal cavity 38. The irrigation and suction functions of the catheter are used to irrigate off and suction away blood, pus and other debris from the surrounding tissues, while the endoscope function provides good visualization for the surgeon.

A balloon catheter ethmoidectomy of the anterior ethmoid sinus is shown in FIGS. 10-12 middle turbinate 20 (FIG. 5) has been retracted medially to gain access to the middle meatus 22 (FIG. 5). In some cases, the middle turbinate may be partially or totally removed. The ethmoid infundibulum 24 is exposed by removing part of the uncinate process 26 (FIG. 4). A fine cutting forceps 66 is used to remove the anterior wall 30 of the ethmoid bulla 28 (FIG. 10). After anterior wall 30 of ethmoid bulla 28 is removed, the straight balloon catheter 230 is brought into nasal cavity 38, and distal segment 237 is pushed into bulla 28 (FIG. 11). In some cases, the catheter can be pushed directly into the sinus without removing the anterior wall or the uncinate process. The irrigation and suction functions of the catheter are used to irrigate off and suction away blood, pus, a mucocele, if present, and other debris from the surrounding tissues and endoscope, while the endoscope function provides good visualization for the surgeon. The balloon 234 is inflated to 9 bars for 20 seconds then deflated. The catheter 230 is then withdrawn from bulla 28. The distal segment 237 of balloon catheter 230 is then pushed into the anterior ethmoid air cells 29 which lie posterior to the previously removed ethmoid bulla 28 (FIG. 12). The balloon 234 is inflated to 9 bars for 20 seconds then deflated. Balloon catheter 230 is then slightly repositioned to insure thorough dilation and inflated again to 9 bars for 20 seconds, deflated, and removed from the area of anterior ethmoid cells 29. Again the irrigation and suction functions of the catheter are used to irrigate off and suction away blood, pus, a mucocele, if present, and other debris from the relevant structures, while the endoscope function provides good visualization for the surgeon.

FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate an ethmoidectomy of the posterior ethmoid sinus. When the posterior ethmoid sinus cells 31 must be removed, the basal lamella 32 of the middle turbinate 20 is perforated with a punch 68 (FIG. 13). Distal segment 237 of balloon catheter 230 is then pushed through the new opening 34 in the basal lamella 32 of the middle turbinate 20 into the posterior ethmoid air cells 31 and inflated 9 bars for 20 seconds (FIG. 14). In some cases the catheter may be pushed directly into the posterior ethmoid sinus without first perforating with a punch. The balloon catheter 230 is then deflated, slightly repositioned, and again inflated 9 bars for 20 seconds. The balloon catheter 230 is then deflated and withdrawn. The irrigation and suction functions of the catheter are used to irrigate off and suction away blood, pus, a mucocele, if present, and other debris from the surrounding tissues, while the endoscope function provides good visualization for the surgeon.

FIG. 15 shows sinusotomy of the sphenoid sinus. After anterior and posterior ethmoidectomy, distal segment 237 of balloon catheter 230 is inserted through the anterior wall 37 of sphenoid sinus 39 (FIG. 15). In some cases the catheter can be placed in the sphenoid sinus without first performing an ethmoidectomy. The balloon 234 is then inflated to 9 bars for 20 seconds then deflated. The balloon catheter 230 is slightly repositioned to insure thorough dilation and inflated again to 9 bars for 20 seconds, then deflated, and withdrawn. The irrigation and suction functions of the catheter are used to irrigate off and suction away blood, pus, a mucocele, if present, and other debris from the relevant structures, while the endoscope function provides good visualization for the surgeon.

FIG. 16 illustrates sinusotomy of the frontal sinus. After an anterior ethmoidectomy the nasofrontal duct 36 is exposed and in the surgeon's view. The distal segment 137 of an angled catheter 130 with a 5 mm inflated working diameter is brought into the frontonasal duct 36 and inflated to 9 bars, then deflated. In some cases the catheter can be placed into the frontonasal duct and sinus without first performing an ethmoidectomy. The distal segment 137 of the balloon catheter 130 is slightly repositioned to insure complete dilation of the nasofrontal duct 36 and inflated to 9 bars for 20 seconds then deflated and withdrawn. The irrigation and suction functions of the catheter are used to irrigate off and suction away blood, pus, a mucocele, if present, and other debris from the surrounding tissues, while the endoscope function provides good visualization for the surgeon.

FIG. 17 illustrates balloon catheter dilation of the choana, the posterior opening to the nasal cavity. This procedure can be useful for treating choanal stenosis (narrowing of the choana), and choanal atresia. The distal segment 137 of the balloon catheter 130 is positioned in the choana 299 and inflated to 8 bars for 30 seconds then deflated and withdrawn. The irrigation and suction functions of the catheter are used to irrigate off and suction away blood, pus and other debris from the surrounding tissues, while the endoscope function provides good visualization for the surgeon.

All of the above procedures may be performed in a similar fashion in patients who have had previous sinus surgery and the sinus openings have been obstructed by scar tissue or granulation tissue.

While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been described, modifications can be made and other embodiments may be devised without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating a paranasal sinus of a patient using an elongate member, wherein the elongate member comprises a shaft and a treatment feature disposed on the shaft, wherein at least a distal portion of the elongate member is configured to be laterally bendable and inserted into a nostril of the patient, the method comprising: (a) identifying an anatomical structure associated with the paranasal sinus of the patient; (b) using a bending tool to laterally bend at least the distal portion of the elongate member relative to a proximal portion of the elongate member during a medical procedure, with the bending being performed according to the identified anatomical structure such that the distal portion is disposed relative to the proximal portion of the elongate member at a bend angle; (c) inserting the distal portion of the elongate member into a nostril of the patient; (d) directing the distal portion of the elongate member via the bend angle such that at least the distal portion is within or adjacent to one of the paranasal sinuses, wherein the distal portion maintains the formed bend angle during the act of directing; and (e) treating the paranasal sinus using the treatment feature.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein using the bending tool further comprises: (i) placing at least the distal portion of the elongate member in contact with the bending tool, the bending tool having a bending surface with a predetermined curvature and/or bend angle, and (ii) manipulating the elongate member relative to the bending surface such that a curvature of at least the distal portion corresponds to the predetermined curvature and/or bend angle of the bending surface.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the bending tool further comprises an engagement feature, and the method further comprises engaging at least the distal portion of the elongate member with the engagement feature to maintain contact between the bending surface and at least the distal portion of the elongate member while manipulating the elongate member.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the distal portion comprises a tip, wherein the engagement feature further comprises a recess having a shape and size corresponding to at least a portion of the tip, wherein the engaging step further comprises directing at least a portion of the tip into the recess.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the act of using the bending tool is performed before the act of inserting, wherein the distal portion maintains the formed bend angle during the act of inserting.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the strap has a number of button holes configured to engage a button on the tool to accommodate a range of catheter body outer diameter.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the elongate member comprises a balloon catheter, wherein the treatment feature comprises an expandable balloon disposed on the shaft, wherein the act of treating comprises expanding the balloon to dilate an anatomical feature associated with the paranasal sinus.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the anatomical feature associated with the paranasal sinus comprises a sinus ostium.
 9. The method of claim 7, further comprising adjusting a position of the expandable balloon relative to a distal end of the shaft.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the elongate member comprises a lumen, wherein the method further comprises inserting an illumination device having a light emitting feature into the lumen.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising confirming a position of the elongate member via transillumination provided by illumination from the light emitting feature.
 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: (a) removing the elongate member from the patient; (b) manipulating at least the distal portion of the elongate member according to an anatomical characteristic of another one of the paranasal sinuses; (c) re-inserting the distal portion of the elongate member into a nostril of the patient; (d) directing the distal portion of the elongate member such that at least the distal portion is within or adjacent to the other one of the paranasal sinuses; and (e) treating the other one of the paranasal sinuses using the treatment feature.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the act of treating the paranasal sinus comprises irrigating the paranasal sinus with a liquid, wherein the lumen is in communication with a port at a proximal portion of the shaft, wherein the method further comprises: (a) fluidly coupling a source of liquid to the port to perform the act of irrigating the tissue; (b) decoupling the source of liquid from the port; and (c) coupling a suction device to the port to perform the act of suctioning the liquid and other material.
 14. A method of treating a paranasal sinus of a patient using a balloon catheter, wherein the balloon catheter comprises an elongate shaft including an expandable balloon disposed thereon, wherein at least a distal portion of the balloon catheter is configured to be inserted into a nostril of the patient, the method comprising: (a) identifying an anatomical structure associated with the paranasal sinus of the patient; (b) deforming at least the distal portion of the shaft manually by using a bending tool, according to the identified anatomical structure; (c) inserting the distal portion of the shaft into a nostril of the patient; (d) directing the distal portion of the shaft to the target treatment area, wherein the distal portion maintains the deformation during the act of directing; and (e) dilating the target treatment area with the expandable balloon.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the act of deforming at least the distal portion further comprises bending at least the distal portion to a predetermined radius of curvature or bend angle.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the act of deforming at least the distal portion further comprises: (i) placing at least the distal portion of the elongate member in contact with the bending tool, the bending tool having at least one bending surface, and (ii) manipulating the elongate member relative to the bending surface such that a curvature of at least the distal portion corresponds to a curvature of the bending surface.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the method further comprises selecting the bending tool from a plurality of bending tools having different radii of curvature and/or different bend angles.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the bending tool comprises a plurality of bending surfaces, wherein each of the bending surfaces includes a different radius of curvature and/or bend angle.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the bending tool has a rigid, arcuate contact plate in a generally half-pipe shape.
 20. A method of treating a paranasal sinus of a patient using an elongate member, wherein the elongate member comprises a shaft and a treatment feature disposed on the shaft, wherein at least a distal portion of the elongate member is configured to be inserted into a nostril of the patient, the method comprising: (a) identifying an anatomical structure associated with the paranasal sinus of the patient; (b) manipulating at least the distal portion of the elongate member according to the identified anatomical structure to form a bend in the elongate member according to the identified anatomical structure, wherein the act of manipulating comprises using a bending tool; (c) inserting the distal portion of the elongate member into a nostril of the patient; (d) directing the distal portion of the elongate member such that at least the distal portion is within or adjacent to one of the paranasal sinuses, wherein the bend is retained along the distal portion during the act of directing; (e) irrigating the paranasal sinus with a liquid delivered through the shaft to the treatment feature; and (f) suctioning the liquid and other material in or adjacent to the paranasal sinus at the treatment feature through the shaft. 